A module on an Apache Web server that can be used to manipulate the data passed in to a Web URL, for example redirecting the user to a PHP page with various variables being passed in at the same time.
The page you are looking at now uses rewrite rules to pass the selected Glossary Term to a PHP page which then gets the information for that term from a data file.
The upshot is it means the website can have more Google Friendly URL's, eg
http://www.nigelbunner.co.uk/glossary_Rewrite-Rules.html
instead of
http://www.nigelbunner.co.uk/glossary_page.php?search_term=Rewrite-Rules
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